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Developmental Biology - Stem Cells
Pigment Stem Cells Can Regenerate
Researchers discover certain skin-related stem cells could help in treating neurogenerative diseases...
Neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) affect millions of people worldwide and occur when parts of the nervous system lose function over time. Researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) have discovered that a type of skin-related stem cell could be used to help regenerate myelin sheaths, a vital part of the nervous system linked to neurodegenerative disorders.
The discovery of these types of stem cells is significant as they could offer a simpler and less invasive alternative to using embryonic stem cells. This early stage research shows that by using these skin-related stem cells, researchers were able to restore myelin sheath formation in mice.
"This research enhances the possibility of identifying human skin stem cells that can be isolated, expanded, and used therapeutically. In the future, we plan to continue our research in this area by determining whether these cells can enhance functional recovery from neuronal injury. In the future, we plan to continue our research by determining whether these cells can enhance functional recovery from neuronal injury."
Thomas J. Hornyak MD PhD, Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Dermatology, and Principal Investigator in this research."
Using a mouse model, Dr. Hornyak's team of researchers discovered a way to identify a specific version of a cell known as a melanocyte stem cell. These are precursor cells to skin and hair follicles which make pigment know as melanin. Melanin determines the color of skin and hair.
These melanocyte stem cells have the ability to continue dividing without limits — a trait not shared by other cells in the body. Additionally, researchers discovered these particular stem cells can make different types of cells depending on the type of signals they receive. Their research is published in PLoS Genetics.
Importantly, unlike the embryonic stem cell, which must be harvested from an embryo, melanocyte stem cells can be harvested in a minimally-invasive manner from skin.
Isolating Skin Stem Cells for New Therapies
Dr. Hornyak's research team found a new way to not only identify the right kind of melanocyte stem cells, but also the potential applications for those suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. By using a protein marker that is only found on these specialized cells, Dr. Hornyak's research group was able to isolate this rare population of stem cells from the majority of the cells that make up skin. Additionally, they found that there exist two different types of melanocyte stem cells, which helped in determining the type of cells they could create.
Using this knowledge, the UMSOM researchers determined that under the right conditions, these melanocyte stem cells could function as cells that produce myelin, the major component of a structure known as the myelin sheath, which protects neurons and is vital to the function of our nervous system. Some neurodegenerative diseases, like multiple sclerosis, are caused by the loss of these myelin-producing, or glial, cells which ultimately lead to irregular function of the neurons and ultimately a failure of our nervous system to function correctly.
Growing Melanocyte Stem Cells
Dr. Hornyak and members of his laboratory grew melanocyte stem cells with neurons isolated from mice that could not make myelin. They discovered that these stem cells behaved like a glial cell under these conditions. These cells ultimately formed a myelin sheath around the neurons that resembled structures of a healthy nerve cell. When they took this experiment to a larger scale, in the actual mouse, the researchers found that mice treated with these melanocyte stem cells had myelin sheath structures in the brain as opposed to untreated mice who lacked these structures.
"This research holds promise for treating serious neurodegenerative diseases that impact millions of people each year. Our researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine have discovered what could be a critical and non-invasive way to use stem cells as a therapy for these diseases."
UMSOM Dean, E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA, Executive Vice President for Medical Affairs, UM Baltimore, and the John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers Distinguished Professor.
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are the undifferentiated melanocytic cells of the mammalian hair follicle (HF) responsible for recurrent generation of a large number of differentiated melanocytes during each HF cycle. HF McSCs reside in both the CD34+ bulge/lower permanent portion (LPP) and the CD34- secondary hair germ (SHG) regions of the HF during telogen. Using Dct-H2BGFP mice, we separate bulge/LPP and SHG McSCs using FACS with GFP and anti-CD34 to show that these two subsets of McSCs are functionally distinct. Genome-wide expression profiling results support the distinct nature of these populations, with CD34- McSCs exhibiting higher expression of melanocyte differentiation genes and with CD34+ McSCs demonstrating a profile more consistent with a neural crest stem cell. In culture and in vivo, CD34- McSCs regenerate pigmentation more efficiently whereas CD34+ McSCs selectively exhibit the ability to myelinate neurons. CD34+ McSCs, and their counterparts in human skin, may be useful for myelinating neurons in vivo, leading to new therapeutic opportunities for demyelinating diseases and traumatic nerve injury.
Authors
Sandeep S. Joshi, Bishal Tandukar, Li Pan, Jennifer M. Huang, Ferenc Livak, Barbara J. Smith, Theresa Hodges, Anup A. Mahurkar, Thomas J. Hornyak.
Acknowledgements
Dr. Hornyak's research was funded by the National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. the Biomedical Laboratory Research & Development Service, VA Office of Research Development, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
The authors thank Elaine Fuchs for permission to use the TRE-H2BGFP mouse strain in this study. Flow cytometry analyses and cell sorting were performed at the University of Maryland Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Shared Service.
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May 23 2019 Fetal Timeline Maternal Timeline News
 Image of mouse hair follicles (BLUE). Surrounding those follicles are (PINK) skin cells. These observations by Thomas Hornyak and colleagues, VA Office of Research Development, and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
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